Meghalaya

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Meghalaya Meghalaya is a beautiful and important state in the north – eastern region of India , famous for its natural beauty , tribal culture , and unique geographical features. Meghalaya literally means ” Abode of the Clouds ” or ” Home of the Clouds ” . This name is given due to the greenery of the state and the mountains which are often covered with clouds.

Geographical location

  • place : Meghalaya is located in the north – east of India . It is bordered by Assam in the north and north – west and Bangladesh in the south and west.
  • Capital : Shillong
  • Area : About 22,429 sq km
  • Major mountain ranges : Garo , Khasi and Jaintia Hills
  • climate : The climate here is mainly subtropical and humid.

History

Meghalaya separated from Assam on 21 January 1972 and became a full-fledged state of India. Most of the state is inhabited by the Khasi , Garo and Jaintia tribal communities , whose traditions and customs are thousands of years old.

Population and language

  • population : Approximately 30 lakhs ( as per 2021 estimate ) .
  • Main languages : Khasi , Garo , Jaintia , English ( official language ) .
  • Religion : Christianity is the predominant religion , although Hinduism and other traditional religions are also practiced.

Culture and traditions

The culture of Meghalaya is influenced by the Khasi , Garo and Jaintia tribes. The specialty here is that the society is matriarchal , that is, property and lineage in the family are transferred from mother to daughter.

  • Folk dance and music : A glimpse of colourful dance and music can be seen in festivals like Wangala Utsav , Shad Suk Meensiem.
  • Celebration : Christmas , Bisu , and Baghmara celebrations are popular.

Natural beauty and tourism

Meghalaya is famous for its greenery , caves , waterfalls and vibrant biodiversity.

  • Major Locations :
    • Cherrapunji and Mawsynram ( the rainiest areas in the world ) .
    • Dawki River ( famous for its crystal – clear water ) .
    • Umiam Lake.
    • Elephant Falls.
    • Living Root Bridge ( Bridges made from natural roots ) .

economy

The economy of the state is based on agriculture , tourism and natural resources ( coal , limestone ) . The people here are also skilled in bamboo and handloom industry.

features

  • Education : Shillong is called the ” Scotland of the East ” and is the educational hub of the North – East.
  • Forests and Biodiversity : About 70% of Meghalaya’s area is covered by forests , making it important for environmental conservation.

Meghalaya is famous all over the world not only for its natural beauty but also for its unique culture , traditions and biodiversity.

Geographical location

gives it a special place in the north – eastern part of India . This state is known for its high hills , greenery and unique climate. Let us understand its geographical location in detail :

Location and boundaries

  • Situation : Meghalaya is located in the north – east of India and extends between approximately 22° to 26° North latitude and 89° to 93° East longitude.
  • boundaries :
    • North and North – West : State of Assam.
    • South and West : Bangladesh.

Area and landforms

  • Area : 22,429 sq km , which is about 0.68% of the total area of India .
  • Mountainous terrain :
    • Meghalaya is divided into three major hilly areas :
      • Khasi Hills
      • Jaintia Hills
      • Garo Hills
    • These hills are part of the ancient Gondwana landmass and are mainly a plateau region.

Elevation and landforms

  • 1,000 to 2,000 metres above sea level .
  • Shillong Peak (1,965 m ) is the highest peak in the state.
  • Valleys , waterfalls and caves are also found here in large numbers , which make it rich from a natural point of view.

Rivers and water resources

  • Meghalaya has many rivers and streams , which are important for agriculture and hydropower.
    • North flowing rivers : Nongpoh , Umiam.
    • South flowing rivers : Mavpa , Baghmara.
  • Umiam Lake : It is the largest artificial lake in the state.
  • is famous for its cleanliness and crystal – clear water.

climate

  • Meghalaya has a subtropical climate and it is humid.
  • It is one of the rainiest states in India.
    • Cherrapunji and Mawsynram It is famous as the place which receives maximum rainfall in the world.
  • Annual average rainfall : 1,200 to 11,000 mm.

Vegetation and biodiversity

  • About 70% of the state’s area is covered with forests.
  • Meghalaya is rich in tropical and temperate forests.
  • , Sal and Pine trees are found in the forests here .

Geographical Importance

  1. Natural Resources : Meghalaya is rich in mineral resources such as limestone , coal , and dolomite.
  2. strategic location : The border with Bangladesh makes it important from trade and strategic point of view.
  3. mountainous terrain : These make the state a tourist hotspot.

features

  • Meghalaya’s geographical location makes it a major region for India’s monsoon climate and biodiversity.
  • Its mountain ranges , rivers , and waterfalls not only maintain the environmental balance but also define it as the “ Abode of the Clouds ” .

Thus , the geographical location of Meghalaya is very important from natural , environmental , and economic point of view.

Location Meghalaya

Location Meghalaya,
north – eastern region of India It is located in Assam and other north – eastern states for connectivity with other parts of the country . The state is geographically strategic and environmentally extremely rich.

Characteristics of geographical location

Latitude and Longitude :

    • Meghalaya lies between 22° to 26° N latitude and 89° to 93° E longitude.
    • It occurs in tropical to subtropical regions.

boundaries :

    • North and North – West : Meghalaya shares its border with the state of Assam.
    • South and West : It shares its border with Bangladesh.
    • This location makes it important for trade and cultural interaction between India and Bangladesh.

Natural Places :

    • Meghalaya is a hilly region , divided into Garo , Khasi and Jaintia Hills.
    • Its geographical location defines it as the ” Abode of the Clouds ” .

Climatic effects :

    • Its location and elevation make it a rainfall-heavy area.
    • Places like Mawsynram and Cherrapunji are located here , which receive the highest rainfall in the world.

Strategic Importance :

    1. Its border with Bangladesh makes it strategically important for India.
    1. The place also provides a route of geographical connectivity to the rest of the states of the North-Eastern region of India.

This position of Meghalaya not only makes it a centre of natural beauty and resources , but also makes it important for historical and modern trade and strategic activities.

Silloga is the capital of Meghalaya

Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya Scotland is known as the ” Scotland of the East ” . It is famous for its natural beauty , temperate climate , and cultural diversity.

Features of Shillong

Geographical Location :

    • 1,525 metres (4,990 ft ) above sea level It is situated at a height of.
    • It is situated among the Khasi Hills , which makes it naturally attractive.

Establishment and naming :

    • Shillong is named after the deity of the Khasi tribes, Leishyllong .
    • It was made the capital of Assam in 1874 and after the formation of Meghalaya in 1972 , it became the capital of the state.

climate :

    • Shillong enjoys a temperate climate throughout the year.
    • ranges from 23°C to 25°C in summers and 4°C to 8°C in winters.

Tourism :

    • Shillong is a major tourist centre of North – East India.
    • Major attractions :
      • Shillong Peak (1,965 m ) – Highest point in Shillong.
      • Elephant Falls – A beautiful waterfall.
      • Umiam Lake – An artificial reservoir.
      • Ward’s Lake – A beautiful lake located in the heart of the city.

Cultural Importance :

    1. Shillong is the centre of Meghalaya’s tribal culture , especially the Khasi tribe.
    1. It is also the educational and cultural centre of the state.
    1. Its music and folk traditions are internationally renowned.

Education and Administration :

    1. Shillong is considered the educational hub of North – East India.
    1. The major institutes here are :
      1. North – Eastern Hill University (NEHU) .
      1. Indian Institute of Management (IIM) .
      1. North East Indian Institute of Medical Sciences and Health.

Economic and Transportation Importance :

    1. Shillong is the centre of economic and administrative activities of Meghalaya.
    1. It is connected by road to Assam and other states.
    1. Shillong is home to the Umroi Airport , which connects it to other parts of the country.

is an important and attractive city not only for Meghalaya but for the entire India due to its natural beauty , musical tradition , and diverse cultural heritage.

Area of ​​Meghalaya

area of Meghalaya About 22,429 sq km This is about 0.68% of the total geographical area of India This area of the state makes it one of the smaller states of India.

Features related to area

Location in India by area :

    • Meghalaya is one of the smallest states in India in terms of area.

Physiographic division :
The territory of Meghalaya is mainly divided into three hilly areas :

    • Khasi Hills
    • Jaintia Hills
    • Garo Hills
      These three regions occupy the majority of the state’s land area.

Forest Area :

    • About 70% of the state’s area is covered with forests It is covered by.
    • Tropical and subtropical forests are found here.

land use :

    • Most of Meghalaya’s land is mountainous and rocky , limiting the amount of land usable for agriculture.
    • rice , potatoes , and bamboo are majorly grown.

population density :

    1. Meghalaya has a population density of about 132 people per square kilometre ( as of 2021 ) , making it a state with a lower population density than other states of India.

Area comparison

  • Meghalaya’s area is significantly smaller than that of the neighbouring state of Assam (78,438 km² ) .
  • is much smaller than larger Indian states like Rajasthan (3,42,239 sq km ) and Madhya Pradesh (3,08,350 sq km ) .

Thus , even though Meghalaya has a small area , its natural beauty , biodiversity and cultural importance give it a unique identity.

Major mountain ranges

Meghalaya is famous for its major mountain ranges , which make the geographical and cultural character of the state distinct. These mountain ranges are divided into Garo , Khasi and Jaintia Hills. Let us know about these mountain ranges in detail :

1. Khasi Hills

  • Situation : Situated in the central part of the state.
  • features :
    • The Khasi Hills are the highest hill range in the state.
    • Shillong Peak : It is part of the Khasi Hills and is the highest point in the state with an elevation of 1,965 metres above sea level.
    • Cherrapunji is located in this region and Mawsynram Which is counted among the places which receive the highest rainfall in the world .
  • Natural Beauty :
    • Many waterfalls , caves , and living root bridges ( bridges made from tree roots ) are found here.
    • Ward’s Lake and Umiam Lake are the major attractions of the area.

2. Jaintia Hills

  • Situation : Situated to the east of the Khasi Hills.
  • features :
    • The region is famous for dense forests and mineral resources , especially limestone and coal.
    • There are many natural caves here , of which Krem Liat Prah ( the longest cave in India ) is famous.
    • The area of Jaintia Hills is mainly dependent on agriculture and wildlife.
  • Tourism :
    • Many beautiful waterfalls and villages of traditional Khasi culture can be seen in this area.

3. Garo Hills

  • Situation : Located in the western part of the state.
  • features :
    • Garo Hills is an area mainly inhabited by the Garo tribe.
    • The area is famous for its biodiversity and wildlife.
    • Nokrek Biosphere Reserve : It is located in the Garo Hills and is protected by UNESCO.
    • The main peak here is Nokrek Peak (1,412 metres ) .
  • Natural significance :
    • Many endangered species are found in the dense forests of Garo Hills.
    • The major rivers here are the Simsang River and the Daring River.

Overall characteristics of mountain ranges

  1. Geography :
    1. These mountain ranges are considered to be part of the Gondwana landmass and fall in the plateau region.
  2. Cultural influences :
    1. are named after the major tribes residing here ( Khasi , Jaintia , Garo ) .
  3. Natural Beauty :
    1. These mountain ranges are full of waterfalls , caves , and greenery.
  4. Tourism :
    1. The mountain ranges are major tourist attractions and contribute to the economy of the state.

play a vital role in making the state the “ Abode of the Clouds ” and a hub of natural beauty.

Climate of Meghalaya

The Climate of Meghalaya is mainly subtropical humid type , in which the weather remains mild and comfortable throughout the year. Its geographical location and altitude make it different and special from other states of India.

Climate characteristics

Rain :

    • Meghalaya is called the ” Abode of the Clouds ” and is one of the rainiest states in India.
    • The Cherrapunji and Mawsynram regions here are famous as the places receiving the highest rainfall in the world.
    • The annual average rainfall ranges from 1,200 mm to 11,000 mm.

Climate by season :

    • Summer ( April to June ):
      • Average temperature : 20°C to 25°C .
      • This season is mildly hot and humid.
    • Rainy Season ( July to September ):
      • There is heavy monsoon rainfall.
      • This season is extremely important for agriculture and water sources.
    • Winter ( October to February ):
      • Average temperature : 4°C to 15°C .
      • This season is cool and pleasant.

Mountain climate :

    • the hilly areas of the state , such as the Khasi , Garo , and Jaintia Hills , temperatures and rainfall are above normal.
    • Due to the altitude it is cool here.

Ambient humidity :

    • Humidity levels in Meghalaya remain high throughout the year , especially during the monsoon and summer.
    • The average humidity level ranges from 70% to 90% .

Wind and Monsoon :

    1. Meghalaya is influenced by the south – west monsoon.
    1. Monsoon winds bring large amounts of water vapor from the Bay of Bengal , causing heavy and continuous rainfall.

Natural effects :

    1. Due to high rainfall and humidity, there are dense forests , waterfalls , and rivers here.
    1. Heavy rains sometimes also cause floods and landslides.

Effect of climate :

Vegetation and agriculture :

    • The climate of the state is ideal for its dense greenery and biodiversity.
    • rice , potatoes , and bamboo are majorly grown.

Tourism :

    • The pleasant climate of Meghalaya makes it an ideal place for tourists.
    • The cool weather and rains provide the best time to visit the waterfalls and valleys here.

Lifestyle :

    • The lifestyle of the people here is influenced by the climate.
    • Houses are mostly made of wood and bamboo , which protect from moisture and cold.

Thus , the climate of Meghalaya makes it a center of biodiversity and natural beauty. It contributes greatly to the development , tourism , and environmental importance of the state.

History of Meghalaya

History of Meghalaya

around its aboriginal tribes , their culture , traditions and social structures . The region has always been a centre of natural beauty and cultural diversity. The history of Meghalaya is rich with many important events and developments from ancient times to the modern era.

1. Ancient times

Rise of tribal culture :

    • The major tribes living in Meghalaya — the Khasi , the Garo , and the Jaintia — have lived here since ancient times.
    • The history of these tribes is linked to the ancient Austro – Asiatic and Tibeto – Burman linguistic groups.
    • These people were skilled in farming , hunting , and animal husbandry.

Independent Tribal Areas :

    • Most of the areas of Meghalaya were known as independent tribal areas.
    • These tribes had their own local chiefs ( kings or chieftains ) , who ruled according to traditional laws and customs .

2. Medieval period

Rise of Jaintia and Khasi States :

    • small independent states or tribes were established in Meghalaya .
    • Jaintia Hills : The Jaintia Kingdom ruled over areas of eastern Meghalaya.
    • Khasi Hills : The Khasi community consisted of various independent clans , headed by prominent chieftains or local kings.
    • Garo Hills : The administration of the Garo tribes was run under the ” Aki ” system.

Trade and Cultural Contacts :

    • These regions had trade and cultural contacts with Bengal and Sylhet ( modern Bangladesh ) .
    • The major trade items in Meghalaya were bamboo , limestone , and medicinal plants.

3. Impact of British rule (1826-1947)

Acquisition of Bengal :

    • In 1826 , the British East India Company took over the regions of Assam and Meghalaya following the Treaty of Yandaboo.
    • The Khasi , Garo , and Jaintia tribes resisted British rule.

Revolt of the Khasi Tribes (1829-1833):

    • The Khasi tribes revolted against British rule , led by U Tirot Singh Did it.
    • The rebellion was unsuccessful , and the Khasi region came under British administration.

Garo and Jaintia Rebellion :

    • The Jaintia tribes revolted against British rule in 1860 and 1862 .
    • Similar protests also took place in Garo Hills.

British Administration :

    • During British rule, Meghalaya was made part of the Assam province.
    • The British spread Christianity here , resulting in conversion of many tribals.

4. After Independence ( After 1947 )

Part of Assam :

    • After India’s independence in 1947 , Meghalaya became part of the state of Assam.
    • The tribes here remained discontented due to their cultural and linguistic differences from other parts of Assam.

Demand for Autonomy :

    • In the 1960s, the Khasi , Garo , and Jaintia tribes raised demands for a separate state.
    • 1969 , Meghalaya was granted partial autonomy and received the status of an ” autonomous state ” .

Creation of the State (1972):

    • 21 January 1972 , Meghalaya was separated from Assam and given the status of a full-fledged state.
    • Shillong was made its capital.

5. Modern era ( after 1972 )

Economic and Social Development :

    • Mineral wealth , tourism , and bamboo industry developed in the state.
    • However , the state’s economy is dependent on agriculture and natural resources.

cultural identity :

    • have been successful in adopting modernity while preserving their traditions and customs .
    • ( dominance of women ) of tribal society is still prevalent in the state.

Internal Problems :

    • Separatist movements and border disputes have affected the state’s development.
    • Central government intervention and peace accords have attempted to resolve these issues.

Importance of history

provides a basis for understanding its rich cultural heritage , natural resources , and tribal traditions. It is not only a reflection of the development of the state , but also a symbol of its struggles and achievements.

Population and language of Meghalaya

Population and language of Meghalaya

Meghalaya is a tribal-dominated state , where the diversity of population and languages is its main cultural basis. The majority of the state’s population belongs to three major tribes – Khasi , Garo , and Jaintia . Along with these tribes , some other communities also reside here.

1. Population

Total population (2021 estimate ):

  • Meghalaya has a population of about 3.8 million Is.
  • 0.3% of India’s total population. Is.

Population Structure :

Tribal Population :

    • 86% of the total population of the state Part belongs to Scheduled Tribes (ST) .
    • Main tribes :
      • Cough
      • Garo
      • Jaintia

Other communities :

    • Bengali , Assamese , Nepali , and Marwari communities also live here.
    • Their number is more in urban areas.

Sex Ratio :

  • Sex ratio in Meghalaya is 989 females per 1000 males which is better than the national average (943) .

population density :

  • The population density of the state is 132 persons per square kilometer Is.
  • This density is lower than that of many other states in India.

Urban and Rural Population :

  • About 80% of the population lives in rural areas She resides in.
  • Urban Centre : Shillong , Tura , Jowai.

Religious Structure :

  • Christianity (70%):
    • Most of the people of Meghalaya follow Christianity.
    • It was propagated by missionaries in the 19th century.
  • Traditional religions (15–20%):
    • The Khasi and Garo tribes have their own traditional religion which they follow .
  • Hinduism (8–10%) and other religions :
    • Hindus and Muslims are also found among the non – tribal communities.

2. Language

Linguistic composition of the state :

  • The diversity of languages in Meghalaya symbolises the tribal and cultural diversity.
  • The languages spoken here are mainly Austro – Asiatic and Tibetan – Burman belong to language families.

Official languages :

English :

    • It is the official and administrative language of Meghalaya.
    • It is used in education and government work.

Khasi :

    • It is spoken in the Khasi and Jaintia Hills region.
    • Khasi language belongs to Austro – Asiatic language family It is from.
    • It is not included in the 21st Schedule , but efforts are being made to give it official status.

Garo :

    • It is spoken in the Garo Hills region.
    • The Garo language belongs to the Tibeto – Burman language family It is from.

Other major languages :

  1. Jaintia (Pnar):
    1. It is the language spoken by the Jaintia tribe.
  2. Bengali and Assamese :
    1. These are used in border areas and urban areas.
  3. Hindi :
    1. Hindi is especially used in business and administrative work.
  4. Nepali :
    1. There are also speakers of the Nepali language in Shillong and other urban areas.

Script :

  • Khasi and Garo languages are written in Roman script are written in.
  • The use of the Roman script began due to the influence of English missionaries.

Importance of linguistic diversity :

  • The languages of Meghalaya reflect its cultural and social identity.
  • Efforts are being made to give place to Khasi and Garo languages in literature and education.

Cultural influence of population and language :

Matriarchal Society :

    • The Khasi and Garo tribes in the state follow a matriarchal society.
    • Property and the family name are passed down through the female.

Cultural Traditions :

    • Language , traditional songs , dances , and customs are the cultural identity of the tribes here.
    • The Khasi and Garo languages are rich in folk songs and legends.

academic education :

    • English and Khasi – Garo languages has contributed to the development of the state.

Communal Harmony :

    • Despite having different languages and tribes, communal harmony prevails here.

Summary :

The population and language of Meghalaya symbolize its cultural and social diversity. The tribes here have been successful in adopting modernity while preserving their mother tongue and traditions. The linguistic and demographic diversity of the state makes it different and unique from other states of India.

Meghalaya Population

Meghalaya Population

Meghalaya is one of the northeastern states of India and its population is mainly made up of tribal communities. The cultural , religious , and social structure of the state is unique in terms of population.

1. Total population

  • According to 2021 estimates :
    The total population of Meghalaya is about 38 lakhs Is.
  • According to 2011 census :
    • Total population : 29,66,889 .
    • Of these, males : 14,92,668 And women : 14,74,221 .
  • Annual population growth rate :
    2.2% ( slightly higher than the national average ) .

2. Tribal population

  • 86% of the population of Meghalaya belongs to Scheduled Tribes .
  • Main tribes :
    • Cough :
      • Lives in Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills.
    • Garo :
      • Found in Garo Hills region.
    • Jaintia :
      • Resides in Jaintia Hills.
  • These tribes follow matriarchal society system , where family property and surname is passed on from the mother’s side.

3. Religious structure

  • Christianity :
    • It is the predominant religion of the state.
    • About 70% of the population Christian , including Catholic and Protestant denominations.
  • Traditional Tribal Religion :
    • Niam Tre of Khasi Tribes And Sangsharak of the Garo tribes .
    • These are based on nature – worship and faith in ancestors.
  • Hinduism :
    • About 8-10% of the population Follows Hindu religion.
    • Most non – tribal communities , such as Bengalis and Nepalis , practice Hinduism.
  • Muslim and other religions :
    • Approximately 1-2% .

4. Regional population distribution

  • Urban Areas :
    • About 20% of the state’s population is urban lives in the regions.
    • Major urban centres :
      • Shillong ( capital ): The largest city.
      • Tura : The major town of Garo Hills.
      • Jowai : The main town of Jaintia Hills.
  • countryside :
    • About 80% of the population is rural lives in the regions.

5. Gender Ratio

  • 2011 Census :
    • 989 women per 1000 men .
    • This is better than the national average (943) .
  • Due to matriarchal society, women have special importance here.

6. Literacy rate

  • As of 2011 :
    • Total literacy rate : 75.48% .
    • Male literacy : 77.17% .
    • Female literacy : 73.78% .
  • There is a difference in the literacy level in rural and urban areas.

7. Population density

  • 2011:
    • Population density of the state : 132 persons per square kilometer .
    • This is much lower than the national average (382 persons per square kilometre ) .
  • The state’s geography , particularly the mountainous terrain , affects density.

8. Demographic structure

  • Age Group :
    • Children (0-14 years ): about 30% .
    • Youth (15-59 years ): about 60% .
    • Elderly ( over 60 years ): about 10% .
  • Life Expectancy :
    • Approximately 68-70 years .

9. Due to increase in population

  1. High fertility rate.
  2. Improvement in medical facilities.
  3. Population growth in rural areas.

10. Cultural and social influences

  • Characteristics of tribal society :
    • community life.
    • Traditions , customs , and folklore are part of tribal society .
  • A large part of the population depends on agriculture and forests.

conclusion

reflects its tribal majority , religious diversity , and matriarchal traditions. Its population density , literacy , and sex ratio make it distinct and unique from other states of India.

Main languages of Meghalaya

Main languages of Meghalaya

The languages of Meghalaya are an important part of the cultural and social diversity of the state. The major languages here are associated with tribal communities and their traditions. Languages from various language families are spoken in the state , including Austro – Asiatic , Tibeto – Burman , and Indo – European. Languages from language families are included.

1. English​

  • Official language :
    • is the official language of Meghalaya And it is widely used in administrative work , education , and government offices.
    • It plays a vital role in the development process and education system of the state.

2. Khasi​

  • Cough :
    • Khasi language is one of the major languages of Meghalaya.
    • The Khasi tribe It is spoken by the people of the Khasi Hills , who live mainly in the Khasi Hills. and Jaintia Hills resides in the area.
    • It is an Austro – Asiatic language family It is related to and has its own rich literary tradition.
    • Khasi in Roman script is used.

3. Garo​

  • Garo :
    • Garo language Garo tribe It is spoken by the people of Garo Hills , who reside mainly in the Garo Hills lives in the area.
    • It belongs to the Tibeto – Burman language family Is a part of.
    • Garo language is also written in Roman script.
    • The Garo language has a rich history of traditional songs and literature.

4. Jaintia (Pnar)

  • Jaintia :
    • This is the Jaintia tribe It is spoken by the Jaintia Hills She resides in.
    • The Jaintia and Khasi languages have many similarities.
    • It is also an Austro – Asiatic language and is written in the Roman script.

5. Bengali​

  • Bengali :
    • The Bengali language is mainly used in the border areas of Meghalaya , especially in the areas bordering Bangladesh It is done in.
    • The language plays an important cultural and social role in the state , especially for business and communication.
    • It is written in Bengali script.

6. Assamese​

  • Assamese :
    • The Assamese language is also used in parts of Meghalaya , especially those areas bordering Assam are adjacent to.
    • It also plays a role in the education and administrative functions of the state.

7. Hindi​

  • Hindi :
    • meaningful link language in the state It is used as a .
    • In particular , it is spoken by people who have migrated to Meghalaya from other states , such as those from North India.
    • is also used in the fields of business , media and education in the state.

8. Nepali​

  • Nepali :
    • Nepali-speaking people Particularly residing in Shillong and other urban areas.
    • is found among the Garo and Khasi tribes as well as under the influence of Bengali and Assamese.

9. Other languages

  • Angami , Ringa , and other Naga languages :
    • There are also languages spoken by the Naga tribes in some border areas of Meghalaya.
    • These languages are mainly spoken in Nagaland and Manipur belong to the Naga communities.

Summary

The rich diversity of languages in Meghalaya makes it a part of a cultural and linguistic heritage. The Khasi , Garo , Jaintia , and other tribal languages in the state not only represent the identity of the local tribes but also the cultural identity of the state. English has been adopted as the official language , which plays an important role in the development and administration of the state.

Religion in Meghalaya

Religion in Meghalaya

Religious diversity in Meghalaya is a reflection of its tribal and cultural traditions. Religion in the state is a mix of tribal traditions , modern influences , and the preaching of missionaries. The majority of the population practices Christianity , but traditional religions and other religious groups also have a significant presence.

1. Major religions

(a) Christianity

  • Followers :
    • About 70% of the population of Meghalaya follows Christianity It follows the .
  • Tribal Christians :
    • Christianity is mainly practiced among the Khasi , Garo and Jaintia tribes.
  • Influence of Missionaries :
    • Christian missionaries preached the religion here during the British rule in the 19th and 20th centuries.
    • Along with Christianity, education and health services also spread.
  • Major Christian denominations :
    • Catholic​
    • Protestant (Presbyterian, Baptist, and others )

(ii) Tribal Religions

  • Nature – worship :
    • Traditional religion is still prevalent among the Khasi and Garo tribes.
    • These religions are based on worship of nature and faith in ancestors.
  • Khasi Tribe :
    • Their traditional religion is Niam Tre. It is called.
    • In this the gods of Sun , Moon and Water are worshipped.
  • Garo Tribe :
    • Their traditional religion is Sangsharak It is called.
    • In this, nature and the souls of ancestors are respected.
  • Currently , the number of followers of traditional religions is declining as conversions to Christianity are increasing.

2. Other religions

(i) Hinduism

  • Followers :
    • 8-10% of the population of Meghalaya follows Hinduism It follows the .
  • Mainly :
    • non – tribal communities , such as Bengalis , Nepalis , Marwaris , and Assamese people.
  • Festival :
    • Durga Puja and Diwali are celebrated with great enthusiasm.

Islam​​

  • Followers :
    • 1-2% of the population in Meghalaya follows Islam It follows the .
  • Situation :
    • Muslim communities are found mainly in urban areas and in border areas.

(iii) Sikhism , Buddhism , and other religions

  • Followers of minority religions such as Sikhism and Buddhism are also found in limited numbers in urban areas and business communities.

3. Religious structure

ReligionPercentage of population
Christian70%
Traditional tribal religion15-20%
Hindu8-10%
Muslim1-2%
Others ( Sikh , Buddhist , Jain )<1%

4. Religious festivals

(i) Christian festivals

  • Christmas , Easter , and Good Friday.

(ii) Traditional festivals

  • Khasi Tribe :
    • Suk Mynsiem: It is celebrated after the harvest.
  • Garo Tribe :
    • Wangala : Agricultural festival dedicated to the Solar God ” Saljong ” .
  • Jaintia Tribe :
    • Behdienkhlam : To ward off evil spirits and for prosperity.

(iii) Hindu festivals

  • Durga Puja , Holi , and Diwali.

(iv) Muslim festivals

  • Eid – ul – Fitr and Eid – ul – Azha.

5. Religious harmony

  • People of different religions live in mutual harmony and brotherhood in Meghalaya.
  • Despite religious diversity, there is very little communal tension here.

conclusion

Meghalaya’s religious landscape is a balanced blend of tribal traditions and modern religions. Christianity is dominant here , but traditional religions and other religious communities also play an important role. Despite religious diversity , cultural unity and religious tolerance prevails in the state.

Culture and Traditions of Meghalaya

Culture and Traditions of Meghalaya

is reflected in the customs , traditions, and lifestyle of its major tribes – Khasi , Garo , and Jaintia . The state is famous for its unique matriarchal system , traditional festivals , music , dance , and handicrafts. Deep connection with nature is an important part of the cultural heritage here.

1. Matrilineal Society

  • Khasi and Garo tribes The unique feature of is that they follow matriarchal system.
  • The family name and property are inherited from mother to daughter.
  • The youngest daughter ( khaduh ) looks after the family property.
  • Although women traditionally lead the social system , political decisions are taken by men .

2. Traditions and customs

(i) Khasi tribe

  • Religious tradition :
    • Khasi Tribe Traditional Religion Niam Tre It follows the .
    • Worships nature and ancestors.
  • Traditional marriage :
    • Marriage is a religious and social ritual in Khasi society.
    • After marriage the man starts living in his wife’s house.

(ii) Garo tribe

  • Religious tradition :
    • Garo Tribe Sangsharak Religion It follows the .
    • Worships the Sun , Moon and other natural forces.
  • Traditional ceremonies :
    • Religious rituals are performed on occasions like birth , marriage , and death.

(iii) Jaintia tribe

  • Traditional customs :​
    • The Jaintia tribe follows traditions similar to the Khasi customs .
    • Behdienkhlam festival It is an integral part of Jaintia culture.

3. Music and dance

  • traditional music :
    • The music of Meghalaya is based on folk songs , musical instruments and natural sounds.
    • Flute , drum , and damah ( a type of drum ) The main musical instruments here are.
  • dance :
    • The folk dances here are a part of social and religious events.
    • Khasi Dance :
      • Shad suk mansiyem : Harvest festival.
    • Garo Dance :
      • Wangala Dance : Dedicated to the Sun God ” Saljong ” .
    • Jaintia Dance :
      • Behdienkhlam Dance : It is done to ward off evil spirits.

4. Festivals

(i) Festivals of the Khasi Tribe

  1. Suk Mynsiem:
    1. It is a harvest festival in which dances are performed wearing traditional costumes.
  2. Nongkrem Dance Festival :
    1. This festival is dedicated to the king and Goddess Kali.

(ii) Festivals of the Garo Tribe

  1. Wangala :
    1. the 100 Drums dedicated to the Sun God.
  2. Doroja :
    1. This festival is celebrated after harvesting.

(iii) Festivals of the Jaintia Tribe

  1. Behdienkhlam :
    1. Held to ward off evil spirits and for community prosperity.
  2. Laho Dance :
    1. Traditional Jaintia dance which is part of mass celebrations.

5. Traditional Apparel and Jewellery

  • Khasi Tribe :
    • Women Jainsem​ , which is like a long dress .
    • Men traditionally wear a dhoti and turban ( turban ) wear it.
  • Garo Tribe :
    • Women Dakmanda​ She wears it.
    • Men Traditional Gongla wear it.
  • Jewellery :
    • Tribal women wear silver and gold jewellery.
    • Women of the Khasi tribe wear beads and silver bracelets.

6. Arts and Handicrafts

  • Uses of Bamboo and Cane :
    • Products made from bamboo and cane , such as baskets , mats , and furniture are famous.
  • Wood Art :
    • Wood carving is an important art here.
  • Weaving :
    • Garo women weave beautiful clothes.

7. Food

  • The traditional food of Meghalaya is simple and close to nature.
  • Main dishes :
    • Go : A traditional Khasi dish made from rice and meat.
    • Name : Dried fish and rice dish of the Garo tribe.
    • Tungrimbai : A fermented soybean dish of the Khasi tribe.
  • Drinks :
    • Local rice wine , called kaya’iad It is said.

8. Sports and entertainment

  • Traditional Games :
    • Archery :​​ Archery is a popular traditional sport in Meghalaya.
    • Rongkla : A traditional game of the Garo tribe.

9. Community Living

  • The culture of Meghalaya is based on community life and tolerance.
  • In villages, collective decision making system and living through harmony are important.

conclusion

The culture of Meghalaya is a balance of nature , traditions , and modernity. Its festivals , dance , music , and matriarchal society make it distinct and unique from other states of India.

Folk Dances and Music of Meghalaya

Folk Dances and Music of Meghalaya

Folk dances and music of Meghalaya are important parts of the cultural heritage of this place. They are a medium of expressing the life , traditions , and religious beliefs of the tribal communities. Dance and music are mainly an integral part of religious events , harvest festivals , and social gatherings.

1. Folk dance

(i) Dances of the Khasi tribe

Suk Mynsiem:

    • This is the most important dance of the Khasi tribe.
    • It is called the “ Dance of the Happy Soul ” and is celebrated after the harvest.
    • Men dance with swords and shields , while women dance wearing traditional costumes.

Dance :

    • This dance is dedicated to the god of harvest.
    • The women dance in a circle , and the men play drums and flutes.

Siew :

    • It is both a social and religious dance.

(ii) Dances of the Garo Tribe

Dance :

    • This is the most famous dance of the Garo tribe.
    • It is also called the ” Dance of the 100 Drums ” .
    • This dance is dedicated to the Sun God ” Saljong ” .
    • In this, men and women dance together in traditional costumes.

Doroja Dance :

    • This dance is a part of weddings and social celebrations.

(iii) Dances of the Jaintia Tribe

Dance :

    • This is the main dance of the Jaintia tribe.
    • It is held to ward off evil spirits and for the prosperity of the community.
    • In this, huge wooden pillars are decorated and immersed in water.

Laho Dance :

    • This is a community dance.
    • Women dressed in traditional attire dance between two men.

2. Folk Music

  • The folk music of Meghalaya is inspired by nature , religious sentiments , and social life.
  • The Khasi , Garo , and Jaintia tribes have their own traditional songs and tunes.

(i) Khasi Music

  • Khasi folk music praises love , nature , and society.
  • , drum , and guitar are used for music .
  • The religious songs of the Khasi tribe ” Khasi Hymns ” are especially popular.

(ii) Garo Music

  • Garo music consists of songs based on religious and social themes.
  • Adil in musical instruments and drums has a prominent place.

(iii) Jaintia Music

  • The songs in Jaintia folk music are used in praise of gods and goddesses and during social functions.
  • used include flutes , drums , and stringed instruments.

3. Traditional musical instruments

  • Traditional musical instruments have great importance in Meghalaya. They enrich dance and music.
  • drum : Main instrument in festivals and dances.
  • Flute : Part of Khasi and Garo music.
  • Tangmuri : Traditional pipe instrument of the Khasi tribe.
  • Chambarang : A tanpura-like instrument of the Garo tribe.
  • Drums : A major musical instrument used by all tribes.

4. Major Dance Festivals

  • Shad Suk Mansiem Festival : The biggest dance festival of the Khasi tribe.
  • Wangala Utsav : The main dance festival of the Garo tribe.
  • Behdienkhlam Festival : The major social and religious dance festival of the Jaintia tribe.
  • Longkhlam Festival : A dance celebrated for prosperity and health.

5. A blend of modernity and traditional music

  • In modern times, Meghalaya has also been influenced by rock and western music.
  • Shillong : It is also called the ” Rock Capital of India ” .
  • This fusion of traditional music and modern styles reflects the cultural diversity of Meghalaya.

conclusion

The folk dances and music of Meghalaya keep the rich cultural heritage alive. They are not only a means of entertainment but also an integral part of social and religious life. Traditional dances and music , along with modern influences , make the cultural identity of Meghalaya more unique.

Major festivals of Meghalaya

Major festivals of Meghalaya

reflect the cultural , religious , and social richness of the tribal society here . These festivals help in maintaining the unity and traditions of the community along with expressing gratitude towards nature , crops , and gods.

1. Festivals of the Khasi Tribe

(i) Shad Suk Mynsiem

  • It is also called ” Dance of the Happy Soul ” .
  • It is celebrated to express gratitude to God and nature after the harvest.
  • Men and women wear traditional attire and dance to the beats of drums and tangmuri.
  • This festival is organized in the month of April.

(ii) Nongkrem Dance Festival

  • It is a religious and harvest festival of the Khasi tribe.
  • It is dedicated to Goddess Kali and the prosperity of the village.
  • ( Siyān ) and the priest ( Lyngdoh ) perform special rituals during the festival .

(iii) Wangala Festival

  • It is dedicated to the Sun God ” Saljong ” .
  • It is called the “Festival of 100 Drums ” , where mass dances are performed to the sound of drums.
  • It is celebrated in the month of November and is the biggest post-harvest festival.

2. Festivals of the Garo Tribe

(i) Doroja Festival

  • This festival is celebrated by the Garo tribe during weddings and social gatherings.
  • It involves traditional dancing and singing.

(ii) Misimagre Festival

  • It is a traditional harvest festival of the Garo tribe.
  • In this, sacrifice is offered to please the local deities.

3. Festivals of the Jaintia Tribe

(i) Behdienkhlam Festival

  • This is the most important festival of the Jaintia tribe.
  • It is celebrated to ward off evil spirits and for prosperity of the harvest.
  • During the festival wooden poles are decorated and danced upon and then immersed in the river.
  • It is celebrated in the month of July.

(ii) Chad Sukra Raid

  • This festival is celebrated before starting agricultural work.
  • It is celebrated to increase the fertility of the fields and pray for a good harvest.

4. Other major festivals

(i) Christmas and Easter

  • Christmas and Easter are celebrated prominently in Meghalaya due to the large number of Christians following it.
  • During this time, special prayers are held in the church , and people decorate their homes.

(ii) New Year Festival

  • Various tribal communities of Meghalaya celebrate New Year in their own traditional ways.

(iii) Shillong Autumn Festival

  • It is a modern festival featuring events such as music , dance , water sports , and food.
  • It is organised with the aim to increase attraction for tourists.

5. Religious and social festivals

(i) Laho Dance Festival

  • This is a festival of the Jaintia tribe.
  • In this, women wear traditional attire and dance between two men.

(ii) Harvest Festival

  • The Khasi , Garo , and Jaintia tribes celebrate this festival in their own ways after the harvest .

6. Importance of music and dance

  • Music and dance have a special place in all the festivals of Meghalaya.
  • drums , flute , and tangmuri make the celebrations more attractive.

conclusion

The festivals of Meghalaya are a symbol of tribal culture , religious faith , and respect for nature. These festivals are not only a time of joy for the locals but are also a center of attraction for tourists.

Natural beauty and tourism of Meghalaya

Natural beauty and tourism of Meghalaya

Meghalaya is called the ” Paradise of the Northeast ” of India. Its natural beauty , dense forests , waterfalls , caves , lush green mountains , and cloud – covered valleys make it a center of attraction for tourists. The name of the state itself is ” Meghalaya ” , which means ” abode of clouds “, and this name perfectly defines its natural environment.

1. Major Tourist Places

(i ) Cherrapunji

  • Cherrapunji , also known locally as Sohra , is one of the rainiest places in the world.
  • Natural attractions :
    • Nohkalikai Waterfall : The highest waterfall in India.
    • Mawsmai Caves : Unique caves made of limestone.
    • Dohkra Waterfall and other waterfalls.

(ii ) Mawlynnong

  • It is called ” Asia’s cleanest village ” .
  • It is famous for its cleanliness , eco – friendly lifestyle and unique Living Root Bridge . It is famous for.
  • Here, a view of the plains of Bangladesh can be seen from a tree house made of bamboo.

(iii ) Shillong

  • Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya , is called the ” Scotland of the East ” because of its beautiful valleys and lush green hills.
  • Major attractions :
    • Lake : Boating and water sports can be enjoyed here.
    • Shillong Peak : This is the highest point in Shillong and from here one can see a panoramic view of the entire city.
    • Falls : Three – tiered waterfall located near Shillong .
    • Lady Hydari Park : Beautiful garden and lake.

(iv) Dawki & Umngot River

  • Dawki village is located on the border of Bangladesh.
  • Umgot River It is world famous for its crystal – clear water , where while boating the water looks so clear that the boat appears to be floating in the air.

(v) Nohmul Hills

  • It is situated between the Khasi and Jaintia Hills.
  • A place of historical and natural importance.

(vi ) Nongstoin

  • The stones and natural formations here are unique.
  • Shad Thinarine : Waterfalls and valleys.

(vii) Balpakram National Park

  • Located in the Garo Hills, this national park is a treasure trove of biodiversity.
  • It is home to animals such as leopards , elephants , and deer, as well as many rare medicinal plants.
  • It is also called the ” Grand Canyon of the East ” .

(viii) Nokrek Biosphere Reserve

  • It is a UNESCO protected area and is part of the Garo Hills.
  • Rare animals like Red Panda and Hoolock Gibbon are found here.

2. Caves of Meghalaya

Meghalaya is famous for its caves , which attract adventure-loving tourists.

  • Mawsmai Caves : Located in Cherrapunji.
  • Laitlam Caves : Famous for thrilling experience.
  • Caves : One of the longest caves in India.
  • Arwah Caves : Famous for ancient petroglyphs and fossils.

3. Waterfalls​

  • Nohkalikai Waterfall : The highest waterfall in India.
  • Elephant Falls : Three – tiered waterfall near Shillong .
  • Falls : It is situated in the Khasi Hills.
  • Falls : Beautiful waterfall , which offers unique view in the valley.

4. Fauna and Flora

  • are dense and rich in a variety of trees , flowers , and fauna.
  • Orchid flower : Many rare species of orchids are found in Meghalaya.
  • National Parks :
    • Nokrek National Park and Balpakram National Park.
  • Animal : Elephants , leopards , red pandas , and rare birds.

5. Adventure and Activities

  • Trekking :
    • Trekking to the Double Decker Root Bridge offers a thrilling experience.
    • Trekking in the Laitlam Valleys.
  • Camping :
    • Camping near Umiam Lake.
  • Boating :
    • Boating on Umgot River.
  • Speleology ( cave exploration ):
    • The caves of Meghalaya are ideal places for adventure.

6. Cultural and traditional tourism

  • Tourists can experience the cleanliness and traditional lifestyle in Mawlynnong Village.
  • Khasi , Garo , and Jaintia tribes The cultural heritage of can be seen through dance , music , and festivals.

7. Environment and Eco – tourism

  • Special attention has been given to environmental protection in Meghalaya.
  • Bridge :
    • A unique confluence of nature and human skill.
    • This place is a perfect example of eco – tourism.

8. Religious tourism

  • Don Bosco Museum (Shillong):
    • Museum of Culture and Religion of Northeast India.
  • Cathedral Church :
    • This church located in Shillong is a centre of attraction for religious tourists.

conclusion

Natural beauty and tourism are the identity of Meghalaya. Its lush green forests , neat villages , waterfalls , caves , and root bridges make it a unique experience for tourists. Also , its culture and serene atmosphere make it unforgettable .

Cherrapunji and Mawsynram

Cherrapunji and Mawsynram : Two rain heavens of India

Cherrapunji (Sohra) and Mawsynram are two famous places in the state of Meghalaya , which are known all over the world for their heavy rainfall and unique natural beauty. These places attract tourists due to the wonders of nature , greenery , waterfalls , and eco-friendly lifestyle.

1. Cherrapunji (Cherrapunji/Sohra)

place

  • Cherrapunji is situated in the Khasi Hills.
  • It is about 55km away from Shillong.

features

One of the rainiest places in the world

    • Cherrapunji is recorded among the places with highest annual rainfall in the world.
    • The average annual rainfall here is 11,777 mm.

Natural attractions

    • Nohkalikai Waterfall : India’s highest waterfall (340 meters ) .
    • Double Decker Living Root Bridge : The amazing root bridges here are examples of natural skill.
    • Mawsmai Caves : Caves made of limestone.
    • Thangkharang Park : A beautiful view of valleys and waterfalls can be seen from here.

Culture and Tradition

    • The Khasi tribe is the main tribe here.
    • Tourists can experience their traditional lifestyle and festivals.

Environmental significance

    • Rich in dense forests and biodiversity.
    • Famous for environmental awareness.

2. Mawsynram​

place

  • is located in the Khasi Hills , about 15 km from Cherrapunji.
  • It is about 60km away from Shillong.

features

The rainiest place in the world

    • Mawsynram is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for receiving the highest average annual rainfall ( over 12,000 mm ) in the world.
    • The reason for heavy rainfall here is the collision of monsoon clouds with the hills.

Natural attractions

    • Mawlingbana : A historic village with ancient stones and natural streams.
    • Caves : Mawsynram is also famous for its unique caves , which are made of limestone formations.
    • Simsang River : A symbol of natural beauty and peace.

Greenery and peace

    • The environment of Mawsynram is calm and full of greenery.
    • The rural life here attracts tourists.

Safe lifestyle

    • The people here are famous for their unique lifestyle amidst heavy rains.
    • ” canopies ” made of bamboo and banana leaves are used.

3. Difference between Cherrapunji and Mawsynram

ParametersCherrapunji (Sohra)Mawsynram​
Rainfall recordsOnce the rainiest place in the world.Currently the rainiest place in the world.
Famous PlacesNohkalikai Falls , Living Root Bridge.Caves , Simsang River.
TourismFamous place for tourists.Relatively few tourists.
Local lifestyleTraditional Khasi lifestyle.Special means to protect against rain.

4. Tours and Experiences

Best time to visit these places

  • During monsoon ( June to September ) one can experience wonderful rainfall.
  • In winter ( October to March ) the journey is comfortable due to mild cold and less rainfall.

What to do (Activities)

  1. Excursions to waterfalls and caves.
  2. Trekking on Double Decker Root Bridge.
  3. Experience the traditional Khasi lifestyle.
  4. Enjoyment of nature and photography.

What precautions should be taken

  • Take extra caution while travelling due to heavy rains.
  • Carry waterproof clothing and good shoes.
  • Take help of a local guide.

5. Environmental importance and conservation

  • Cherrapunji and Mawsynram symbolize the power and beauty of nature.
  • These places present ideal examples of environmental conservation and traditional lifestyle.

conclusion

Cherrapunji and Mawsynram are known for their incomparable natural beauty and unique climate. Their calm atmosphere , greenery , and rainy season provide a unique experience to the tourists. This place is no less than a paradise for nature lovers and adventure enthusiasts.

Dawki River

Dawki River (Umngot River): A Transparent Miracle of Nature

Dawki River , also known as Umngot River , is one of the natural attractions of Meghalaya. This river flows between India and Bangladesh and is famous for its crystal – clear water . It is world famous for its water. Looking at it, it seems as if the boats are floating in the air.

1. Location of Dawki River

  • Dawki Village in Meghalaya It is situated in , which is amidst the Khasi Hills.
  • 82km from Shillong . Located in the south and near the border with Bangladesh.
  • Dawki Checkpost on the India – Bangladesh border It flows near.

2. Characteristics of the river

(i) Transparency of water

  • The water of the Umgot River is so clear that the stones at the bottom of the river and the boats floating in the water are clearly visible.
  • This river is considered a paradise for tourists and photographers.

(ii) Importance of limits

  • The Dawki River flows between India and Bangladesh and is an important centre of trade and movement between the two countries.
  • The bridge located here ( Dawki Suspension Bridge ) is part of the India – Bangladesh trade route.

(iii) Environmental beauty

  • The greenery along the river banks , limestone rocks , and clear water make it unique.
  • This place is ideal to experience the peaceful atmosphere and beauty of nature.

3. Major Attractions

(i ) Boating

  • The experience of boating on Dawki River is special for tourists.
  • It is an amazing experience to sit on the boat and see the transparency of the water and the view of the river bed.

(ii) Dawki Suspension Bridge

  • This bridge was built in 1932 during the British rule.
  • The bridge offers spectacular views of the river and surrounding areas.

(iii) Fishing

  • Fishes can be clearly seen swimming in the clear waters of the river , and local people engage in fishing here.

(iv) Camping and Adventure

  • Tourists can enjoy camping on the banks of the Dawki River.
  • can participate in activities like trekking , kayaking , and swimming.

4. Social and cultural importance of Dawki River

  • This river is very important for the local Khasi tribe.
  • The local people consider it sacred and use its water for agriculture and fishing.

5. Travel related information

(i) Right time to visit Dawki River

  • October to April :
    • At this time the river water is at its cleanest.
    • The post-monsoon greenery and clear skies further enhance the scenic beauty.

(ii) How to reach ?

  • From Shillong :
    • Dawki is about 82km from Shillong.
    • Easily accessible from Shillong by taxi or bus.
  • Nearest Railway Station :
    • Guwahati Railway Station.
  • Nearest Airport :
    • Shillong Airport.

(iii) What to carry with you ?

  • Camera , waterproof clothing , and comfortable shoes.
  • Essential medicines and snacks.

6. Environmental protection and responsibility

  • Maintaining the transparency of the Dawki River is a perfect example of environmental protection.
  • Here special attention is given to limiting the use of plastic and waste management.
  • Tourists must be cautious to maintain the natural beauty of this place.

7. Dawki River and local economy

  • The river is a major part of the local economy.
  • Boating , fishing , and tourism are the major sources of employment for the local people.

8. Conclusion

is one of the major tourist destinations in Meghalaya due to its unique transparency , natural beauty , and serene environment. This place is a paradise for nature lovers , photographers , and adventure enthusiasts. Visiting Dawki River will make you experience the simplicity and beauty of nature.

Umiam Lake

Umiam Lake : Meghalaya’s serene water paradise

Umiam Lake , also known as ” Bara Pani “ Also called , is one of the most beautiful and famous lakes in the state of Meghalaya. This lake is about 15 km north of Shillong city. is located and is known for its stunning natural beauty , water sports activities and serene environment.

1. Formation and history of the lake

  • Umiam lake is a man – made reservoir , a hydroelectric project set up in 1965 on the Umiam river near Shillong It was built under.
  • Its main objective is hydropower generation. But today it is one of the major tourist destinations of Meghalaya .

2. Geographical location of the lake

  • is located on National Highway -6 from Shillong to Guwahati .
  • Khasi hills surround the lake And it is surrounded by greenery.

3. Features of the lake

Natural beauty

  • The blue water of the lake , the lush green forests around it , and the reflection of the mountains make it extremely attractive.
  • The view at sunrise and sunset is especially captivating.

(ii) Water level and area

  • The area of the lake is approximately 220 sq km. Is.
  • It is the largest reservoir lake in Meghalaya.

(iii) Environmental importance

  • The lake is an important water source for Shillong and surrounding areas.
  • It is part of the local ecosystem and preserves biodiversity.

4. Tourist attractions and activities

(i) Water Sports

Umiam Lake is famous for various exciting water sports activities :

  1. Boating ( paddle boats , speed boats , and houseboats ) .
  2. Kayaking.
  3. water skiing.
  4. Scooter ride.

(ii) Picnic spot

  • The green spaces along the lake are ideal for picnics and spending time with family.
  • There are also many gardens and view points here.

(iii) Camping and photography

  • camping by the lake You can enjoy the .
  • The calm atmosphere and natural landscape of the lake is perfect for photography.

(iv) Adventure

  • There are several trails for trekking and hiking in the hills surrounding Umiam Lake.
  • Tourists can also enjoy cycling here.

5. Environmental Importance of Umiam Lake

  • The water of Umiam Lake is the source of water supply for Shillong and other areas.
  • The area around the lake is a safe haven for biodiversity of birds and aquatic animals.
  • Many plans have been made to keep the lake free from pollution .

6. Major sites related to the lake

(i) Nehru Park

  • Located near the lake, this park is a popular spot for kids and families.
  • The view of the lake here looks very beautiful.

(ii) Umiam Water Sports Complex

  • This centre is the main hub for all the water activities taking place at the lake.

(iii) Don Bosco Museum

  • Located near the lake, this museum showcases the culture and history of the North – East.

7. Travel related information

(i) Right time to visit Umiam Lake

  • October to March :
    • The weather of the lake is pleasant at this time.
    • The lake has plenty of water after the monsoon.

(ii) How to reach ?

  • From Shillong :
    • 15km away from Shillong .
    • One can easily reach here by taxi or private vehicle.
  • Nearest Airport :
    • Shillong Airport (30 km ) .
  • Nearest Railway Station :
    • Guwahati Railway Station (100 km ) .

Admission fee

  • A nominal fee is charged for entry into the lake and park.
  • There is a separate charge for water sports activities.

8. Local culture and significance

  • Khasi communities living around the lake The lake is culturally and economically important to the people.
  • Farming and fishing around the lake are part of the local economy.

9. Conservation efforts

  • Special steps have been taken by the state government and local organizations to protect the lake from pollution and maintain its natural beauty.
  • Throwing garbage and use of plastic in the lake is strictly prohibited.

10. Conclusion

Umiam Lake is a precious part of Meghalaya’s natural wealth and tourism. This lake is not only famous for its unique beauty , but also the activities and serene atmosphere here make the tourists delighted. Visiting the lake will make you feel a deep connection with nature and a sense of peace.

Elephant Falls

Falls : Amazing waterfall of Meghalaya

Elephant Falls , located near the city of Shillong in Meghalaya , is one of the most popular and scenic waterfalls in the state. It is called ” Ka Kshaid Lai Pateng Khohsiew ” in the local Khasi language , which means ” three-stage waterfall ” . The name is associated with the structure of the waterfall , which falls in three different stages .

1. Location and access

  • Location :
    Elephant Falls is about 12 km from Shillong city Is located.
  • How to reach :
    • Nearest Airport : Shillong Airport.
    • Distance from Shillong : Just a 30 min journey by car or taxi .

2. History of naming

  • During the British period, there was a huge rock near the waterfall , which looked like an elephant’s head.
  • That is why its name is ” Elephant Falls “ Was kept.
  • Unfortunately , this rock was destroyed in the earthquake of 1897 , but the name of the waterfall still remains in the same form.

3. Characteristics of the waterfall

(i) Three stage waterfall

  • Elephant Falls flows in three stages , which adds to its beauty :
    • First step : Wide and relatively slow water flow.
    • Second step : The water flows over the rocks and falls.
    • third step : The highest and most beautiful , where the water falls rapidly.

(ii) Greenery and natural beauty

  • The dense forest and greenery around the waterfall make it very attractive.
  • During monsoon the flow of the falls becomes fast and huge.

4. Tourist attraction

(i) Nature photography

  • The serene and picturesque view of the waterfall makes it a paradise for photographers.
  • The view of the waterfall is most captivating after the monsoon.

(ii) Picnic spot

  • The area of Elephant Falls is perfect for picnics and spending time with family.

(iii) Cultural experiences

  • The Khasi tribe people live around here , and their traditional life makes the visit to the waterfall more special.

5. Travel related information

(i) Best time to visit

  • October to March :
    • The water of the waterfall is clean and its flow is controlled.
    • The weather is cool and pleasant.
  • The waterfall is at its full glory during the monsoon ( June to September ) , but the journey may be challenging due to heavy rains.

Admission fee

  • A nominal entry fee is charged for tourists.
  • There may be separate charges for cameras and video recording.

(iii) What to carry with you ?

  • Comfortable shoes and waterproof clothing.
  • Water and snacks.
  • Camera.

6. Environmental importance

  • The Elephant Falls area is extremely important from an environmental point of view.
  • The area is home to biodiversity and many plants and birds are found here.
  • Tourists are encouraged to maintain cleanliness around the falls and reduce the use of plastic .

7. Importance of local tourism

  • There are shops selling local handicrafts and souvenirs near the waterfall.
  • The Khasi people here also provide traditional food and clothing to tourists.
  • Tourism associated with the falls boosts the local economy.

8. Tips and Precautions

  • Be careful while walking on the rocks near the waterfall , as they can be slippery.
  • While travelling during monsoon, stay away from strong water flows.
  • Take the help of a local guide if you want to know more about the area.

9. Conclusion

Elephant Falls is a major tourist destination in Meghalaya due to its unique structure , peaceful environment and natural beauty. This waterfall is an ideal destination not only for nature lovers but also for photographers and adventure enthusiasts. Visiting Elephant Falls makes Meghalaya trip a memorable experience.

Living Root Bridges

Living Root Bridges : A unique confluence of nature and humans

Living Root Bridge These are one of the most unique and famous structures of Meghalaya. These bridges are naturally formed from the roots of trees , which present an excellent example of harmony with the environment. They have been built by the local tribes with hard work over many generations.

1. What is Living Root Bridge ?

  • are created by directing the aerial roots of rubber trees ( Ficus elastica ) .
  • These roots are spread from one bank of the river or drain to the other and made in the form of a bridge.
  • It takes 10-15 years for the roots to grow and become strong , but once built , these bridges can be used for 100 to 500 years.

2. Prime Location

(i) Cherrapunji (Sohra):

  • Tourists from all over the world come to see the Living Root Bridge in Cherrapunji.
  • Here is the ” Double Decker Living Root Bridge “ The most famous is. It is a unique bridge built on two levels.

(ii) Mawlynnong :

  • It is considered to be the cleanest village in Asia , and many living root bridges can be seen here too.

(iii) Riwai and Nongriat :

  • This area is also famous for the Living Root Bridge.

3. Manufacturing process

  • The Khasi and Jaintia tribes build these bridges from generation to generation.
  • To build a bridge, the roots of the rubber trees are directed to the other side of the river with the help of bamboo and wood.
  • The roots grow slowly and form a solid structure.
  • Over time, these bridges become so strong that 30-50 people can walk on them at a time.

4. Features of Living Root Bridge

(i) Natural and sustainable :

  • These bridges are completely organic and eco-friendly.
  • There are no artificial materials or polluting elements used in their manufacture.

(ii) Strong and flexible :

  • These bridges become stronger over time.
  • Even if the river floods , these bridges do not get damaged.

(iii) Part of natural beauty :

  • The greenery and flowing rivers around the bridge enhance its beauty.

5. Tourist attractions and activities

Trekking :​

  • To reach the Living Root Bridge, tourists have to trek through dense forests and hills.
  • 3500 stairs to reach the ” Double Decker Root Bridge ” One has to get up and down.

(ii) Photography :

  • The unique look of these bridges and the surrounding natural environment are ideal for photography.

(iii) Experience of local culture :

  • One gets an opportunity to know the culture and traditional knowledge of the Khasi and Jaintia tribes who built the bridge.

6. Importance of Living Root Bridge

(i) Environmental importance :

  • These bridges are excellent examples of environmental sustainability.
  • Able to withstand the impact of rain and floods.

(ii) Cultural importance :

  • These bridges symbolize the traditional knowledge and hard work of the Khasi and Jaintia tribes.
  • It reflects the harmony between their architecture and nature.

(iii) Centre of Tourism :

  • Living Root Bridge is a major attraction of Meghalaya tourism.
  • These also boost the local economy.

7. Travel related information

(i) Right time of travel :

  • October to April :
    • The weather during this time is pleasant , and is an ideal time for trekking.
  • The waterfalls and greenery are a wonderful experience even during monsoon , but the paths can be slippery.

(ii) How to reach ?

  • From Shillong :
    • Cherrapunji can be reached from Shillong by taxi or bus.
    • One has to trek to reach the bridge from Cherrapunji.
  • Nearest Airport :
    • Shillong Airport.
  • Nearest Railway Station :
    • Guwahati Railway Station.

8. Efforts to protect the environment

  • The government and the local community are taking several steps to preserve the Living Root Bridge.
  • Tourists are not allowed to throw plastic or garbage on these bridges.
  • To keep these bridges strong, the surrounding trees and vegetation are preserved.

9. Conclusion

Living root bridges are a symbol of human patience and nature’s amazing structural capability. These bridges not only provide a travel experience but also teach how life can be improved by living in harmony with nature. Seeing these bridges while visiting Meghalaya proves to be a priceless and memorable experience.

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