Introduction of Odisha

Orissa ( official name : Odisha ) is a major state of India , famous for its cultural heritage , historical monuments and natural beauty. It was formed on 1 April 1936 , and it is the first state to be formed on linguistic basis. It is celebrated as ” Odisha Day ” or ” Utkal Day ” .

Geographical location

• place : Orissa is located in the eastern part of India.
• boundaries :
  • In the north : Jharkhand and West Bengal
  • In the South : Andhra Pradesh
  • In the west : Chhattisgarh
  • To the east : Bay of Bengal
• Area : 1,55,707 sq km ( 8th largest state in India )
• climate : Odisha has a tropical climate , with three main seasons: summer , rainy season and winter.

History

The history of Orissa has been glorious since ancient times. It was part of the ancient Kalinga kingdom.

• Kalinga War ( 261 BC ) : The famous war took place between Emperor Ashoka and Kalinga , which inspired Ashoka to adopt Buddhism.
• Rule of Samudragupta : It was an important region during the Gupta Empire.
• Maurya , Shunga and Satvahana dynasties : These kingdoms also ruled over Orissa.
• Gajapati Dynasty : Orissa achieved political and cultural prosperity during this dynasty.

Culture and Tradition

Orissa is famous for its unique culture and tradition.

• Language : Odia is the official language of the state. It is one of the 22 languages recognized by the Constitution of India .
• dance : ” Odissi Dance ” of Odisha is world famous , which is one of the eight classical dances of India.
• Festival :
  • Rath Yatra ( in Puri )
  • durga puja
  • Makar Sankranti
  • Kartik Purnima
• Folk Art : Pattachitra , Sambalpuri sarees and stone carvings are famous.

Major tourist spots

1. Jagannatha Temple , Puri : This temple is dedicated to Lord Jagannath and is one of the four Dhamas.
2. Sun Temple of Konark : UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. Chilika Lake : The largest salt water lake in Asia.
4. Simplipal National Park : A protected area under Project Tiger.
5. Lingaraj Temple , Bhubaneswar : Dedicated to Lord Shiva.

economy

• Agriculture : Mainly rice , sugarcane and oilseeds are cultivated .
• Mineral Wealth : Odisha is rich in mineral wealth , such as iron ore , coal , bauxite , and chromite.
• Industry : Development of steel , aluminium , and energy based industries is prominent.
• Fish farming : Chilika Lake and the coastal areas play an important role in fish production.

major city

1. Bhubaneswar : The state capital and the ” Temple City ” .
2. Puri : Religious city.
3. Cuttack : Famous for its commercial centre and historical fort.
4. Rourkela : Industrial center.
5. Sambalpur : Cultural and industrial hub.

Population and society

• Population : As per the 2021 census , the population of Odisha is around 4.6 crore.
• Religion : Hinduism is the predominant religion , but people of Buddhist , Christian and Muslim religions also live here.
• Tribal communities : There are 62 types of tribal communities in Orissa , among which Santhal , Gond and Ho are the main ones.

Special Facts

1. Orissa has the largest coaching depot of Indian Railways.
2. Chilika Lake is a paradise for migratory birds.
3. Artists of Odisha have brought international fame to Odissi dance and Pattachitra art.

is a precious gem of India due to its historical , cultural and natural heritage.

Geographical location of Odisha

Geographical location of Odisha This makes it a special and important state in the eastern part of India. Its geography can be understood in detail in the following points :

Geographic location and boundaries

• Latitude and Longitude : Odisha is located between 17.49° to 22.34° N latitude and 81.27° to 87.29° E longitude.
• boundaries :
  • Jharkhand and West Bengal in the north.
  • Chhattisgarh in the west.
  • Andhra Pradesh in the south.
  • Bay of Bengal in the east.
• Coastline : Odisha has a coastline of about 485 km , making it important for maritime trade and tourism.

Area and size

• The total area of Orissa is 1,55,707 square kilometres , making it the eighth largest state in India.
• The geographical shape of the state appears similar to a ” leaf ” or ” shield ” .

Topography​

Orissa has a varied topographic feature , including mountains , plateaus , river valleys , and coastal plains. It can be divided into four main physiographic regions :

Northern hilly region :

• • This area is situated near the border of Jharkhand.
  • There are hills and plateaus here , of which the ” Singhbhum Plateau ” and the ” Mountains of Mayurbhanj ” are prominent.
  • This area is important from the point of view of mineral resources.

Central Plateau Region :

• • This region is spread over Kandhamal , Bolangir and Kalahandi districts.
  • This area is affected by red soil and drought problems.

Eastern Coastal Plains :

• • The region is located near the Bay of Bengal and is the most fertile region of the state.
  • The soil here is alluvial , which is ideal for agriculture.
  • The coastal area is vulnerable to floods and cyclones.

South – Western Hills :

• • The region is located in the Rairangpur , Kalahandi , and Koraput districts.
  • The hills here have dense forests and wildlife.
  • This area is famous for its natural beauty and mineral wealth.

Rivers and water bodies

Odisha has several major rivers and lakes :

Major rivers :

• • Mahanadi : It is the longest river of Orissa , most of which flows within the state. Hirakud Dam is built on it.
  • Brahmani River : It is the second largest river of the state.
  • Rain River : Important for agriculture.
  • Other rivers : Baitarani , Subarnarekha , Indravati , and Chandrabhaga.

Lakes :

• • Chilika Lake : It is Asia’s largest salt water lake and is home to migratory birds.
  • Other lakes : Ansupa Lake , Kolab Reservoir.

Forests and Natural Resources

• 31% of Orissa is covered with forests.
• Major vegetation : Teak , Sal , Bamboo , and Mahua.
• Many types of biodiversity are found here , in which tigers , elephants , and crocodiles are prominent.

Food and minerals

• Orissa is rich in mineral resources. 90% of India’s chromite , 70% of bauxite , and 24% of coal are found here.
• Apart from this , minerals like iron ore , manganese , and granite are also found here.

climate

• Odisha has a tropical climate Is.
• The three main seasons :
  • Summer ( March to June ): Average temperature 30°C to 45°C .
  • Monsoon ( July to September ): Heavy rainfall ( average 150 to 200 cm ) .
  • Winter ( October to February ): Average temperature is 12°C to 27°C .

Natural Disasters

Odisha is vulnerable to natural disasters such as floods , cyclones , and droughts.

• 1999 and the Yaas Cyclone of 2021 have been devastating in the history of the state.

Key Features

• Being a coastal area , Orissa is an important centre for maritime trade and fisheries.
• Dense forests and hills make it environmentally special.
• The Mahanadi Delta and Chilika Lake add to the ecological diversity of the state.

The geographical structure of Orissa makes it a unique centre of natural wealth , biodiversity and mineral wealth .

History of Orissa

Orissa ( Odisha ) is divided into ancient , medieval and modern periods. The region is known for its rich cultural heritage , craftsmanship and historical events. Here the history of Orissa is explained in detail :

Ancient period

The ancient name of Orissa was ” Kalinga ” . This name reflects its historical importance and glorious heritage.

1. Vedic and Epic period

• Rigveda and Mahabharata : Orissa finds mention in Vedic texts and epics such as the Mahabharata.
• The region was inhabited by tribal communities who came into contact with the Vedic civilization.
• According to the Mahabharata , the army of Kalinga participated in the Kurukshetra War.

2. Rise of Kalinga Empire

• 600 BC : The Kalinga kingdom emerged in Orissa , which was famous for trade and maritime activities.
• Powerful States : Kalinga was known for its navy and conducted maritime trade with Southeast Asia ( Malaysia , Sumatra , Java ) .
• The region was in political and military competition with the Maurya Empire.

3. Kalinga War (261 BC ):

• This war was fought between Emperor Ashoka and the Kalinga Empire.
• Ashoka conquered Kalinga in this war , but the devastation caused by the war (1 lakh deaths and exile of 1.5 lakh people ) inspired him to adopt Buddhism and preach non-violence.
• This incident was a turning point in the history of Orissa.

4. Maurya and Shunga period

• Kalinga became a major centre of Buddhism under the Maurya Empire.
• Later the Shunga and Kanva dynasties ruled here.

5. Gupta period

• Orissa became a cultural centre during the rule of the Gupta dynasty.
• Temple construction and literary development were the main features of this period.

6. Rule of Utkala and Kharavela (2nd century BC ):

• Kharavela : Kharavela was one of the great rulers.
  • He conquered South India and North India with an army of elephants.
  • prospered in art , culture and trade during his reign.
  • Evidence of Kharavela’s rule has been found in the Hathigumpha inscription.

Medieval period

Various dynasties emerged in Orissa during the medieval period.

1. Som Dynasty (8th to 10th century )

• The Som dynasty established stable rule in Orissa.
• The Lingaraj Temple of Bhubaneswar was constructed during this period.

2. Ganga Dynasty (11th to 15th century )

• This dynasty was the most important in the history of Orissa.
• Anang Bhima Dev : The Jagannath Temple in Puri was built during this dynasty.
• During this period, Orissa expanded from Bengal to Andhra Pradesh.
• Maritime trade was at its peak.

3. Surya Dynasty (15th to 16th century )

• The Surya dynasty promoted artistic and cultural development in Orissa.
• The Sun Temple of Konark is the most famous monument of this period.
• After the fall of the Surya dynasty, Orissa started weakening.

4. Muslim invasion

• 16th century, the rulers of Bengal attacked Orissa.
• 1568, Sultan Qutb Shah of Bengal conquered Orissa , bringing Muslim rule here.

Modern period

The modern history of Orissa is influenced by British rule and the Indian independence struggle.

1. Maratha rule

• 1751 the Marathas took over Orissa from the Nawabs of Bengal.
• The Marathas promoted temples and cultural activities here.

2. British rule

• Orissa came under British control in 1803 .
• Orissa’s economy suffered heavily during British rule.
• The famine of 1866 ( the Great Famine of Orissa ) was the result of the indifference of the British rule.
• Many leaders from Orissa played an active role in the freedom struggle.

3. Formation on a linguistic basis

• 1 April 1936 , Orissa was recognised as a separate province.
• This was the first state of India which was formed on the basis of language .

Significant events and heritage

1. Jagannath Temple : Religious and cultural symbols.
2. Sun Temple of Konark : A wonderful example of art and architecture.
3. Hirakud Dam : A major creation of modern India.
4. Freedom Movement : Leaders like Gopabandhu Das , Madhab Das , and Harekrushna Mahtab were in the forefront of the freedom struggle.

Cultural and historical significance

• ( Hindu , Buddhist , and Jain ) and art have made significant contributions to the history of Orissa .
• This region has been successful in maintaining its identity on the cultural map of India.
• , monuments and inscriptions of Orissa bear testimony to its glorious history.

The history of Orissa gives us an idea of its amazing cultural and political journey , making it one of the most important states of India.

Culture and Tradition 

Orissa ( Odisha ) is an integral part of the rich and multifaceted heritage of India. The state is famous for its unique cultural heritage , folk traditions , crafts , dance , music , festivals and religious beliefs. Let us understand it in detail :

Language and literature

Language :

• • Odia is the main language of Odisha It is a classical language included in the Eighth Schedule of India .
  • The history of Odia language goes back to the 10th century and it holds an important place in ancient Indian literature.
  • Hindi , Sanskrit , and tribal languages such as Santhali , Ho , and Mundari are also spoken in the state.

Literature :

• • Odia literature began with ancient religious and mythological stories.
  • Sarala Das ( Odia translation of Mahabharata ) and Upendra Bhanja ( poetic works ) are famous poets of Orissa.
  • In modern literature, Fakir Mohan Senapati is considered the ” Father of Odia Prose ” .

Religious traditions and beliefs

Orissa has been a center of various religions , including Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism.

Jagannath Culture :

• • Jagannath Temple of Puri And the Rath Yatra here Orissa has a religious identity.
  • Lord Jagannath is considered to be an incarnation of Vishnu and his temple is one of the ” Char Dhams ” .

Buddhism :

• • This was the center of Buddhism in ancient times.
  • Ratnagiri , Udayagiri , and Lalitgiri are famous for Buddhist sites.

Jainism :

• • King Kharavela of Kalinga was a follower of Jainism.
  • Statues of Jain Tirthankaras are found in the mountain caves here.

Tribal religion :

• • The tribal communities of Orissa believe in nature worship.
  • ” Mother Earth ” and ” Forest God ” is prominent in their religious rituals .

Dance and music

Odissi Dance :

• • It is one of the eight classical dances of India.
  • It originated for the service and worship of God in temples.
  • Artists like Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra and Sanjukta Panigrahi gave it international recognition.

Folk dances :

• • Gotipua : An early form of Odissi dance , in which male performers impersonate women.
  • Chahou Dance : This is a tribal and war – based dance.
  • Dhalkhai , Jhumar , and Sambalpuri dances are popular in tribal areas.

music :

• • Odissi music is part of Indian classical music.
  • It is based on ragas , talas and devotional songs.
  • ” Kandha geet ,” ” Rangbati ,” and ” Dhalkhai geet ” are popular in folk music .

Arts and Crafts

Pattachitra :

• • The art of painting on traditional cloth or palm leaves.
  • depicts Lord Jagannath and scenes from Mahabharata – Ramayana.

Sambalpuri Saree :

• • Sambalpuri saree is famous among the handloom sarees of Odisha , which features intricate designs and Bandhej art.

stone carving :

• • The Sun Temple at Konark and the temples at Bhubaneshwar are excellent examples of marvelous stone carvings.

Metal Crafts :

• • The ancient art of making metal statues and utensils is famous as ” Dhokhara ” craft.

Wood and Cane Crafts :

1. 1. Wooden statues and cane furniture are made in different parts of the state.

Food and Drink

The traditional food of Orissa is simple , nutritious and delicious.

Main dishes :

• • Rice and dalma ( mixture of lentils and vegetables ) .
  • Vegetables prepared with balanced spices.
  • Seafood such as fish and prawns.

Sweets :

• • Rasgulla : Rasgulla is believed to have originated in Orissa.
  • Chhena Poda : A sweet made from chhena ( cottage cheese ) .
  • Kheer : A dessert made from milk , rice , and jaggery.

Pakshaal ( offering ):

• • (56 types of dishes ) of the Jagannath Temple in Puri is very famous.

Festivals and celebrations

Many festivals are celebrated in Orissa , which reflect its cultural vibrancy :

Rath Yatra :

• • It is the annual journey of Lord Jagannath , Balabhadra and Subhadra to Puri.
  • Lakhs of devotees participate in this grand event.

Durga Puja :

• • Like West Bengal, Durga Puja is celebrated with great enthusiasm in Orissa too.

Makar Sankranti :

• • It is celebrated as ” Makar Mela ” , and there is a tradition of kite flying during this time.

Kartik Purnima :

• • This festival is important for maritime trade and sailors.
  • On this day, people light small lamps and float them in the Chandrabhaga river.

Chaitra Festival :

1. 1. This festival celebrated by the tribal community is related to nature and agriculture.

Folk traditions and beliefs

Traditional marriage :

• • Orissa wedding ceremonies are simple and traditional , following local customs .

Tribal Traditions :

• • are known for their unique culture , folk dances , and music.
  • Their traditional clothing , jewelry , and religious rituals are part of the culture.

Group rituals :

• • Organizing collective worship and religious rituals holds special significance here.

Architecture and monuments

Sun Temple of Konark :

• • It is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
  • Built in the form of the chariot of the Sun God, this temple is unique.

Jagannath Temple :

• • It is a religious and cultural centre.

Lingaraj Temple :

• • It is located in Bhubaneswar and is dedicated to Lord Shiva.

Raja Rani Temple :

• • This temple is famous for its exquisite stone carvings.

Summary

The culture and tradition of Odisha is reflected in its art , music , dance , and religious beliefs. The state makes a unique contribution to the cultural heritage of India through its cultural diversity , tribal lifestyle , and religious festivals.

Major tourist spots IN Odisha

Orissa ( Odisha ) is famous for its natural beauty , historical heritage , religious importance and cultural diversity. The tourist places here are counted among the most attractive places in India. The beaches , temples , sanctuaries , lakes and ancient monuments in Orissa mesmerize the tourists. Let us know in detail about the major tourist places of Orissa :

1. Puri

Puri is the most famous pilgrimage site and tourist centre of Orissa.

Major attractions :

• Jagannath Temple :
  • Lord Jagannath , Balabhadra and Subhadra, this temple is part of the ” Char Dham ” pilgrimage.
  • Rath Yatra held every year It is world famous.
• Puri Beach :
  • This is a calm and beautiful beach , which is popular among tourists.
  • A wonderful view of sunrise and sunset can be seen here.
• Gundicha Temple :
  • This temple becomes the temporary residence of Lord Jagannath during the Rath Yatra.

2. Konark

Konark is famous for its Sun Temple , which is a marvelous example of architecture and craftsmanship.

Major attractions :

• Sun Temple ( Konark ):
  • This temple is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • It is made in the form of the chariot of Sun God , with 12 pairs of wheels and 7 horses.
  • The sculptures and carvings of the temple are unique.
• Chandrabhaga Beach :
  • It is located near the temple and is known for its beauty and cleanliness.

3. Bhubaneshwar

Bhubaneswar is the capital of Orissa and famous as the ” City of Temples ” .

Major attractions :

• Lingaraj Temple :
  • Dedicated to Lord Shiva, this temple is the largest and oldest temple in Bhubaneswar.
• Raja Rani Temple :
  • It is famous for its amazing architecture and sculptures.
• Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves :
  • These ancient Jain caves belong to the reign of Kharavela.
• Nandankanan Zoological Park :
  • This wildlife sanctuary is famous for white tigers and other rare species.

4. Chilika Lake

• It is the largest saltwater lake in India and one of the largest lagoon lakes in Asia.
• It is an ideal place for migrating birds.
• Nalabana Island : Paradise for birds.
• Kalijai Temple : Situated in the middle of the lake, this temple is important from both religious and tourist point of view.

5. Ratnagiri , Lalitgiri and Udayagiri ( Buddhist sites )

• These places were ancient Buddhist centres of Orissa.
• Buddhist stupas , viharas and statues can be seen here.
• These places are called ” Diamond Triangle of Odisha ” .

6. Simlipal National Park

• This national park is famous for tigers , elephants and other wildlife.
• , dense forests and natural beauty here are captivating.
• It is declared a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Has been declared.

7. Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary

• The sanctuary is famous for being the world’s largest breeding ground for Olive Ridley turtles.
• Tourists come here in large numbers to see the migration of sea turtles.

8. Hirakud Dam

• This dam is built on the Mahanadi River and is the longest earthen dam in the world.
• This dam is famous for its reservoir and natural scenery.

9. Chandipur Beach

• Chandipur beach is famous for its unique feature :
  • The sea here retreats several kilometres a day and then returns again.
  • It is famous as the ” Vanishing Sea ” .

10. Dharsuri Waterfalls ( Barhipani and Joranda )

• Located in Dharasuri area, these waterfalls are a wonderful example of natural beauty.
• Barhipani and Joranda waterfalls are located near Simlipal National Park.

11. Sambalpur

• Sambalpur is located in the western part of Odisha and is famous for its folk culture and crafts.

Major attractions :

• Hirakud Dam.
• Samaleswari Temple : This temple is dedicated to Goddess Samaleswari.
• Sambalpuri Sarees : The hand woven sarees here are world famous.

12. Cuttack

• Cuttack is considered the commercial and cultural centre of Orissa.

Major attractions :

• Barabaati Fort : This fort dates back to the time of the Ganga dynasty.
• Dhokra craft and silver filigree work : This is the speciality of Cuttack.
• Baliyatra Festival : This festival is organised to commemorate the ancient maritime trade.

13. Taratarini Temple

• This is a Shaktipeeth dedicated to Goddess Taratarini.
• This place is important from religious and historical point of view.

14. Gupteshwar Caves

• Located in Koraput district, these caves are dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• These natural caves are popular among tourists.

15. Rourkela

• It is an industrial city of Odisha.
• The main attraction here is Hanuman Vatika Where a huge statue of Lord Hanuman is situated .

Summary

Odisha is a wonderful place for tourists due to its religious places , natural beauty and historical heritage. Every place here attracts tourists from the country and the world due to its unique features.

Economy 

Orissa ( Odisha ) is one of the prosperous state economies of India. It presents a balanced mix of agriculture , mineral resources , industry , and service sectors. The state’s economy is strengthened by its natural resources , mineral reserves , beaches , ports , and growing number of tourists.

Let us understand the various aspects of Odisha’s economy in detail :

1. Primary sector : agriculture and fisheries

Agriculture contributes significantly to the economy and is the main source of livelihood for a large population of the state.

Agriculture :

• Main Crops :
  • Paddy ( rice ) is the main crop of Odisha. It is considered the main food grain of the state.
  • Sugarcane , pulses , oilseeds ( mustard , groundnut ), jute , maize and wheat are also grown.
• Gardening :
  • mango , banana , coconut , cashew , and turmeric are produced.
• Irrigation :
  • Irrigation projects such as the Hirakud Dam and the Mahanadi delta system boost agricultural production.
• Reform Plans :
  • Financial and technical assistance is provided to the farmers through ” Krishi Sahayata Yojana ” and ” Biju Kisan Kalyan Yojana ” .

Fisheries :

• Orissa’s coastline and lakes ( such as Chilika Lake ) are important for fisheries.
• shrimp , crabs, and marine fish contribute to the economy.

2. Secondary sector : industry and mining

Odisha’s industry and mining sectors are a major part of the state’s economy.

Mineral Resources :

• Orissa provides a major portion of India’s mineral deposits.
• Major Minerals :
  • Iron ore , bauxite , chromite , coal , limestone , and manganese.
  • Odisha is the largest producer of iron ore and bauxite in the country.
• Mineral-based industries , such as steel and aluminium manufacturing , play an important role in the state’s economy.

Industry :

• Steel Industry :
  • Rourkela Steel Plant (SAIL) is the prominent one in the state.
  • Tata Steel , Jindal Steel , and Essar Steel have invested here.
• Aluminium Production :
  • NALCO is the major aluminium production centre in Orissa .
• Petrochemical and Fertilizer Industries :
  • The Paradip Refinery, located near the Paradip Port, is a major part of Odisha’s petrochemical sector.
• Handloom and Handicrafts :
  • Sambalpuri sarees , Pattachitra , and Dhokra metal crafts are the hallmarks of the industry.

3. Tertiary sector : service sector and tourism

The service sector is a rapidly growing part of Odisha’s economy.

Service Sector :

• Banking & Finance :
  • The state has branches of several public and private banks , serving both rural and urban areas.
• IT and ITES :
  • Bhubaneswar is seen as an emerging IT hub.
  • Infosys , Tech Mahindra , and TCS operate here.
• Education and Health :
  • For higher education, institutions like IIT, NISER, and KIIT are located in Odisha.
  • Health services are improving , which includes government and private hospitals.

Tourism :

• The tourism sector of Orissa is growing rapidly.
• Religious tourism :
  • The Jagannath Temple at Puri , the Sun Temple at Konark , and the Lingaraj Temple.
• Nature tourism :
  • Chilika Lake , Simlipal National Park , and Gahirmatha Sanctuary.
• cultural tourism :
  • Promotion of culture through Odissi dance , handicrafts , and festivals.

4. Infrastructure

The state’s infrastructure , such as transportation , energy , and ports , promotes economic development.

transportation :

• road :
  • The state has an extensive network of national and state highways.
• Railways :
  • The mineral and industrial areas of Orissa are linked to other parts of the country through railways.
• Port :
  • Paradip and Dhamra ports are counted among the major ports of India.
• Airports :
  • The major one is Biju Patnaik International Airport in Bhubaneswar.

energy :

• Orissa is a leader in hydroelectric power generation.
• Thermal power plants and renewable energy sources are also being used.

5. Advantages and challenges of an economy based on minerals and natural resources

Benefits :

• The abundance of mineral resources makes the state attractive for industrial investment.
• Mineral based industries are the major source of employment and revenue.

Challenges :

• Environmental problems and deforestation caused by mining activities.
• Displacement and social inequality in tribal areas.
• Industrial pollution and water crisis.

6. State Government Initiatives

The state government has launched various schemes and projects to stimulate economic development :

• ” Make in Odisha ” Initiative :
  • Encouraging industrial investment.
• Skill Development :
  • To provide skill based training to the youth.
• Women Empowerment :
  • women entrepreneurs and self – help groups.
• Co-operative Societies :
  • Expansion of cooperatives in agriculture , dairy production , and handicrafts.

Summary

The economy of Odisha is a balanced mix of agriculture , mineral-based industries , service sector , and tourism. The state is becoming a centre of attraction for national and international investors due to its natural wealth , cultural heritage , and growing infrastructure. However , there are also environmental and social challenges , which require a focus on sustainable development to address them.

Major City in Orissa 

Orissa ( Odisha ) has many major cities , which are the economic , cultural , industrial and educational centers of the state. Each city has its own unique identity and importance. Let us find out about these cities in detail :

1. Bhubaneshwar

Bhubaneswar is the capital of Orissa and famous as the ” City of Temples ” .

features :

• Religious centers :
  • Ancient temples like the Lingaraj Temple , Mukteshwar Temple , and Raja Rani Temple.
• Education and Research :
  • Prestigious institutes like IIT Bhubaneswar , NISER, and KIIT .
• IT and Industrial Hub :
  • Infosys , TCS, and Wipro operate in the city.
• Culture and Tourism :
  • Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves , Nandankanan Zoological Park.
• Modern facilities :
  • Bhubaneswar has been included among the top smart cities in India under the Smart Cities Mission.

2. Cuttack

Cuttack is the oldest city and commercial center of Orissa. It is called the ” commercial capital ” of the state.

features :

• History :
  • Barabaati Fort and Cuttack Chaitra Festival.
• Handicrafts and Industries :
  • Silver filigree art and Dhokra metal craft.
• Education Centre :
  • Ravenshaw University , one of the state’s premier educational institutions.
• Health and Medicine :
  • SCB Medical College & Hospital.
• Festivals :
  • Baliyatra Festival , which symbolises the rich maritime trade tradition of Cuttack.

3. Puri

Puri is the main religious and tourist destination of Orissa. It is known as the ” city of Lord Jagannath ” .

features :

• Religious centers :
  • Jagannath Temple , one of the four Dhamas.
  • The famous Rath Yatra held every year.
• Tourism :
  • Puri Beach , which is a centre of attraction for tourists and pilgrims.
• Cultural significance :
  • The city is a major centre for Odissi dance and classical music.

4. Rourkela

Rourkela is the main industrial city of Orissa. It is also known as ” Steel City ” .

features :

• Industrial Importance :
  • Rourkela Steel Plant (SAIL), one of the largest steel plants in India.
• Education :
  • NIT Rourkela , which is one of the top institutes in the country in the field of engineering.
• Tourism :
  • Hanuman Vatika , where a huge statue of Lord Hanuman is situated.
• Modern facilities :
  • Development of city roads and infrastructure on an industrial scale.

5. Sambalpur

Sambalpur is the main city in the western region of Odisha and is famous for its cultural heritage and handicrafts.

features :

• Religious significance :
  • Samaleswari Temple , dedicated to the regional goddess.
• Handicrafts :
  • Sambalpuri sarees , famous for their traditional designs and weaving.
• Tourism :
  • Hirakud Dam , the world’s longest earthen dam.
• Cultural Contribution :
  • The folk art and music here are part of Odisha’s rich cultural heritage.

6. Balasore

Balasore is a historical and industrial city , known as the ” Gateway to the Sea Coast ” .

features :

• History and Culture :
  • Balasore became famous due to maritime trade with the Baltic countries.
• Industrial Hubs :
  • DRDO ‘s missile testing range , where many of India’s missiles have been tested.
• Tourism :
  • Chandipur Beach , famous for its Vanishing Sea phenomenon.

7. Brahmapur ( Behrampur )

Brahmapur is called the ” Silk City of Orissa ” .

features :

• Silk Industry :
  • Brahmapur is famous for its weaving and silk sarees.
• Religious significance :
  • Tara Tarini Temple , one of the Shakthi Peethas.
• Education and Business :
  • This city is the commercial center of the southern part of Orissa.

8. Jharsuguda

Jharsuguda is called the ” Power Hub ” of Orissa.

features :

• Energy production :
  • Many thermal power plants are located here.
• Mineral Based Industries :
  • This region is famous for coal mines and aluminium production.
• Tourism :
  • Historical sites like Vikramkila and Hiramunda.

9. Paradip

Paradip is the major port city of Odisha.

features :

• Port :
  • Paradip Port is one of the largest ports in India.
• Petrochemical Industry :
  • The Paradip Refinery of Indian Oil Corporation is located here.
• Tourism :
  • Beaches and nearby natural sites.

10. Angul

Angul is an industrial and energy production hub.

features :

• Energy Hub :
  • NTPC and Jindal Steel are located here.
• Tourism :
  • Satikoda Lake and the ancient fort of Talcher.

Summary

The major cities of Odisha play a vital role in the economic , cultural , and industrial development of the state. Cities like Bhubaneswar , Cuttack , Puri , and Rourkela are important not only for the state but for the entire country due to their unique identity and contribution .

Population and society

The population and society of Orissa ( Odisha ) present a rich blend of the cultural diversity , social structure , and traditions of the state. The demographic characteristics of the state not only reflect its cultural heritage but also contribute to its economic , educational , and social development. Let us understand the various aspects of the population and society of Orissa in detail :

population

1. Total population :

• As per projected data for 2023 :
  • The total population of Orissa is approximately 4.6 crores Is.
  • 3.47% of India’s total population lives in Orissa.
• According to 2011 census :
  • Total population : 4,19,74,218 .
  • Male : 2,12,12,136 .
  • Female : 2,07,62,082 .

2. Sex ratio :

• Census 2011 :
  • Number of women per 1000 men : 979 .
  • This is higher than the national average (940) .
• In urban areas : 924 .
• In rural areas : 983 .

3. Population density :

• Population density of Orissa is 269 persons / sq.km Is.
• This is lower than the national average (382 persons / km² ) , making it a relatively low-density state.

4. Literacy rate :

• Census 2011 :
  • Total literacy rate : 72.87% .
  • Male literacy : 81.59% .
  • Female literacy : 64.01% .
• There is a huge difference between literacy in rural and urban areas.

5. Urbanization :

• Odisha is a predominantly rural state.
  • About 83% of the population lives in rural areas She resides in.
  • 17% of the population lives in urban areas It remains.

social structure

1. Ethnic and Tribal Groups :

Tribal and ethnic diversity is seen in Orissa.

Tribal communities :

• 22.85% of the state’s population part is from tribal communities.
• Major tribes :
  • The Santhal , Gond , Saharia , Bhumij , Bhil , and Kandha.
• These communities mainly live in the hilly and forest areas of the state.
• Tribal communities are famous for their unique lifestyle , language , and customs .

Other ethnic groups :

• General Category , Backward Classes (OBC), and Scheduled Castes (SC) .
• is 16.53% of the total population of the state Is.

2. Religion :

Orissa is an example of religious diversity.

• Hindu :
  • 93.63% of the total population of the state .
  • Lord Jagannath and temple culture are the religious identity of Orissa.
• Christian :
  • 2.77% , mainly in tribal areas.
• Muslim :
  • 2.17% , mainly in Cuttack and Balasore.
• Buddhists and others :
  • 1.43% , mainly in cultural heritage areas.

3. Languages :

Odia is the main language of Odisha Is.

• Odia :
  • It is the official language of the state.
  • It received the ” Classical Language ” status in 2014 .
• Other languages :
  • Hindi , English , Telugu , Bengali , and Santhali tribal languages.

Social life and traditions

1. Family and society :

• Joint Family System in Orissa importance , although the trend of nuclear families is increasing in urban areas.
• The social fabric is based on community and religious activities.

2. Attire :

• Women in rural areas wear sarees Women wear dhoti and kurta and men wear dhoti and kurta .
• Sambalpuri sarees and Pattachitra fabric are the special identity of the state.

3. Food :

• The food of Orissa is both vegetarian and non-vegetarian.
• Main dishes :
  • Pakhal Bhaat ( fermented rice ), Dalma ( mixture of lentils and vegetables ), And chhena poda ( cottage cheese sweet ) .

4. Festivals :

• Rath Yatra ( Puri ):
  • Annual pilgrimage of Lord Jagannath.
• Durga Puja :
  • It is celebrated with great pomp throughout the state.
• Makar Sankranti and Nuakhai :
  • Harvest festival.
• Raja festival :
  • Dedicated to women and Mother Earth.

Economic and social challenges

1. Poverty :

• Orissa is one of the poorest states in India.
• About 32.59% of the population is below the poverty line It remains.

2. Backwardness of tribal and rural areas :

• Lack of education and health services in tribal areas.
• Problem of displacement due to development projects in these areas.

3. Gender inequality :

• Although the sex ratio is good , there is a need to improve women’s literacy and economic participation.

Government initiatives

1. Reforms in the field of education :

• Mid – Day Meal Scheme and Scholarship Schemes.

2. Women empowerment :

• mission power Plans like .

3. Tribal Development :

• TRIFED and special packages in tribal areas.

4. Poverty Alleviation :

• MANREGA and National Rural Livelihood Mission .

Summary

The population and society of Odisha reflect the cultural richness and social structure of the state. The balance between tribal and non – tribal communities and the religious diversity of the state are its distinctive identity. Although there are challenges in the fields of poverty , education , and health , the cultural heritage and social reform schemes of the state are leading it towards a progressive society.

Special Facts

Orissa ( Odisha ) holds a special place due to its rich history , natural beauty , cultural diversity , and unique traditions. Many aspects here give the state a distinct identity in India. Let us look at some special facts about Orissa Discuss in detail :

1. Jagannath Temple and Rath Yatra

• Jagannatha Temple , Puri :
  • This temple is one of the four Dhamas of Hinduism.
  • Lord Jagannath , Balabhadra , and Goddess Subhadra are worshipped here.
• Rath Yatra :
  • This is a world famous festival , in which Lord Jagannath is taken to the Gundicha temple on a chariot.
  • Lakhs of devotees from all over the country and abroad participate in this festival.
• Special Facts :
  • The temple flag is hoisted daily in the opposite direction of the wind.
  • The Prasad here is known as ” Mahaprasad ” .

2. Sun Temple of Konark

• Amazing example of architecture :
  • It is a huge Sun temple built in the 13th century .
  • declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO Has the status of.
• Special Facts :
  • The temple is built in the form of a huge chariot , with stone wheels and horses.
  • Its architecture looks amazing during sunrise and sunset.

3. Hirakud Dam

• This dam is the longest earthen dam in the world.
• Construction :
  • This dam situated on Mahanadi was built in 1957 .
• Special Facts :
  • The length of the dam is approximately 25.8 kilometres.
  • It is extremely important for irrigation and power generation in Orissa.

4. Odissi dance

• The oldest classical dance of India :
  • This dance style is one of the eight classical dance styles of India.
• Special Facts :
  • Its origins are linked to the Devdasi tradition , in which dance was seen as a service to God.
  • expressions and postures ( Tribhangi Mudra ) of Odissi dance make it unique.

5. Paradip Port

• It is the largest port in Odisha and one of the major ports of India.
• Special Facts :
  • This port plays an important role in the mineral and coal export of the country.

6. Chandipur Beach

• Unique Feature :
  • The beach is famous for its ” Vanishing Sea ” phenomenon.
  • goes back and forth about 5 kilometres four times a day and then comes back.

7. Khandagiri and Udayagiri Caves

• A unique amalgamation of history and architecture :
  • These caves were settled by the followers of Jainism.
  • These caves are made by cutting stones and ancient artworks are carved on them.
• Special Facts :
  • ” Hathigumpha Inscription ” is very important from the historical point of view.

8. Sambalpuri Saree

• Excellence of Handicrafts :
  • This saree is famous for its intricate designs and traditional weaving.
  • Sambalpuri weavers use the ” ikat ” technique.
• Special Facts :
  • Each saree is handcrafted , with unique designs.

9. Chilika Lake

• It is the largest salt water lake in Asia.
• Special Facts :
  • This lake is a paradise for migratory birds.
  • Rare birds like Siberian cranes migrate here every year.
  • ” Irrawaddy dolphins ” can be seen in the lake .

10. Storehouse of mineral wealth

• Orissa is one of the major mineral producing states of India.
• Special Facts :
  • has the largest reserves of bauxite , iron ore , and coal in India.
  • Jharsuguda and Angul are known as ” Power Hubs ” .

11. Pata Painting

• This is a traditional painting of Orissa , depicting Lord Jagannath and other mythological characters.
• Special Facts :
  • This art is mainly prevalent in Raghurajpur village of Puri.
  • Natural colours are used in making Patachitra.

12. Chhau Dance of Mayurbhanj

• Chhau Dance :
  • This is a folk dance , which is performed wearing masks.
• Special Facts :
  • This dance has been given the status of intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO.

13. Success in natural disaster management

• Odisha frequently faces cyclones and floods.
• Special Facts :
  • The state has gained global recognition for its success in cyclone management.
  • After the 1999 Super Cyclone , the government developed a special framework for disaster management.

14. Buddhist Heritage

• Orissa is one of the ancient centres of Buddhism.
• Special Places :
  • Dhauli Shanti Stupa , Lalitgiri , Udayagiri , and Ratnagiri.
• Special Facts :
  • Here Ashoka adopted Buddhism after the Kalinga War.

15. Harvest Festival – Nuakhai

• It is the major harvest festival of Western Orissa.
• Special Facts :
  • In this festival the new crop is offered to Goddess Lakshmi.

Summary

The characteristics of Odisha make it one of the most unique and culturally rich states of India. Its historical sites , natural beauty , cultural traditions , and social systems make it a center of attraction for tourists and researchers not only from India but from all over the world.